Reducing Ambiguities in Customer Requirements Through Historical Dissertation

Reducing Ambiguities in Customer Requirements Through Historical Knowledge - Dissertation Example On the contrary, adverse scenarios develop and complex designs are continually expressed, marked by high levels of understandability, verifiability, traceability, and modifiability requirements which are not consistent with intricate situations. The intricate situations increase, creating a design reality for Requirements Engineering processes plagued with uncertainty, vacillation, and visualization. The purpose of this study is to present a more conventional philosophical system of thinking, which is ideally grounded on the value-based approach, and melted down to ideal elucidation process in the rigid scenarios. It will develop a discussion that supports no software engineering may supersede Requirement Engineering. A high degree of quality in Requirement Engineering is paramount to withstand harsh run time errors associated software engineering development. ... 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Proposed Conceptual Method; Cybulsky, J., and K. Reed. 2000. â€Å"Requirements Classification and Reuse: Crossing Domains Boundaries.† In 6th International Conference on Software Reuse, 190–210. Fig. 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Software and Qualitative Analysis; e-Source. (2013). Software and Qualitative Analysis: The Qualitative Research; Sorting and Coding. Office of Behavioral & Social Sciences Research Fig. 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Fig. 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ LIST OF TABLES Table 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Methodologies for Requirements Engineering Table 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Deductive Analysis Steps Table Table Table Table CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION History has shown that insufficient engineering requirements lead to insufficient engineering products and thus, security risks. Requirements Engineering (RE) consists of development and management and is one of the most important disciplines in the development of Software Engineering (SE) soft ware products. According to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), software requirements can be defined as â€Å"a property which must be exhibited in order to solve some problem in the real world† (Committee 2004). One of the main practices in RE is the elicitation process of software requirements (see fig. 1). During the elicitation process, requirements are analyzed, specified, and verified (SPC, 2002). Software requirements specifications are derived from the requirements elicitation process (see fig. 1). For requirements to be of quality, they must be correct, complete, precise, consistent, verifiable, modifiable, and traceable (Toval et al. 2002). Successful and effective requirements engineering can improve risk management, quality, reusability, and productivity during the software development process. In this study, ambiguities in new customer

Compare Modern Martial Art Magazines with 1970s Editions Essay

Compare Modern Martial Art Magazines with 1970s Editions - Essay Example Either they have set up schools of varying origins and oriental teachers, or produced videos and books, as well as other commercial items such as garments, belts, certificates, among other paraphernalia associated with martial arts. Nevertheless, in this age of free market economy, everybody may claim to be what they want and claim to be, and as long as somebody is buying, then, they sell. This study, however, shall focus on martial arts magazines language use between the present and the 1970s with substantial inclusion regarding Bruce Lee and the pop culture. 2. Modern martial arts magazines have evolved in word usage as martial arts forms also evolved. Nevertheless, commonalities may include oriental terms of martial arts name of discipline or related school such as Bruce Lee's early Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do and Jun Fan Gung Fu, karate, jui jitsu, among others. This study will try to present evolving terms and usage of martial arts words with regards to publications of modern martial arts magazines as compared to 1970s martial arts magazines, with particular focus on the following: This study is important to establish or present the changes or similarities between 1970s and modern martial arts magazines. ... Changes are necessary and unavoidable. Aim of the Study This study will try to present evolving terms and usage of martial arts words with regards to publications of modern martial arts magazines as compared to 1970s martial arts magazines, with particular focus on the following: Oriental and western terminologies that are in use in modern and 1970s martial arts magazines The meaning and use of each martial arts terminologies The changes, contrast or comparison of martial arts magazines seen through 1970s edition and modern martial arts magazine issues The influences or factors behind the popularity of martial arts as a form of discipline and as a popular media or magazine subject. The study or research will try to answer the following questions: 1. What are the constant oriental and western terminologies used in martial arts magazines present in 1970s edition as well as in modern martial arts magazines 2. What are the meanings of these martial arts oriental and western terminologies 3. What are the prevalent changes or contrasts that can be seen between 1970s and modern martial arts magazines 4. What are the factors or influences that affect popularity as well as wide acceptance of martial arts as a discipline and (media) magazine interest Relevance of the Study This study is important to establish or present the changes or similarities between 1970s and modern martial arts magazines. In establishing the changes, factors, influences, as well as other related matters, such as Bruce Lee's popularity shall also be presented and viewed to make martial arts understandable among those who practice or abhor, or perplexed by it. Methodology Secondary analysis shall be applied in this study since there already exist two points or

Distributed Systems Definitions

Distributed Systems Definitions Distributed Systems: There is always compromise when we use distributed systems. Being a distributed systems expertise means knowing the best compromise to make. There is no global clock. Distributed systems definition: A distributed systems is defined as a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as single coherent system. Software systems that operate on more than one computer Internet, Intranet. Mobile computing, Wireless and other modern technologies. Distributed Systems areas: Parallel computing Grid computing Cluster computing Distributed computing Motivation for distributed systems: Resources sharing Geographical and legacy reasons Flexibility Scalability Robustness Security System Design Distributed pervasive Systems Requirements for pervasive systems Wireless, small, battery powered Discover environment. Embrace contextual changes. Encourage ad hoc composition Recognize sharing as the default Personal space vs. shared space No central admin 1.Distributed Systems: A distributed systems is defined by collection of autonomous independent systems that shown to users as a single system via through network. The characteristics of distributed system are multiple autonomous components which are not all shared by the users. Resources cannot be shared to all the users. Software running on the system is concurrent on different processors. In which happened to be multiple point of control and multiple points of failure. Some common characteristics can be achieved using distributed systems resource sharing, openness, concurrency, scalability, fault tolerance, transparency. Types of distributed systems include distributed computing systems, distributed informative systems, distributed pervasive systems. 2.Transmission Control Protocol: Transmission Control Protocol totally depends on network connection to transfer data, TCP requires connection between client and server, It does like a three way handshake.   Host A sends a SYN to B, B sends a SYN and ACK and Host A sends a ACK to B then TCP connection is established. I used this as reference http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/tcp/3-way_handshake.shtml. 3.User Datagram Protocol: User Datagram protocol is connectionless. It does not check if the packets are received are not and there is no guaranteed connection. There is chance in packet loss during transmission,   more unreliable way to send data.   The advantage is speed and cost free. UDP mostly used in online gaming which uses more interaction and respond quickly from player, video streaming like YouTube, twitch 4.Lamport Bakery Algorithm: Lesile Lamports bakery algorithm is designed for the safety purpose of using shared resources between multiple threads by mutual exclusion.   There will be a global counter that displays the number threads being served. The remaining threads have to wait in the line. When the thread completes its process the next thread being served. There are some limitations in the analogy. Its is possible that more than one thread have same number and when they request it. Request cannot be provided So to clear this limitation each thread is provided with a priority. The priority is based on the lower value or higher value then thread will enter the critical section. Critical section: The critical section requires immediate attention access to resources and only be executed one thread at a time.   When a thread enters a critical section, Its has to have its turn and must have smallest number because in case the other threads have the same number the smallest will be executed first. 5.Remote Procedure Call(RPC): Remote procedure call is based on the client and server model. The client machine sends the data to the server machine based on request from user its is a synchronous operation that requires suspend the current program until the RPC is returned. Its a light weight process so multiple RPC can be performed concurrently. RPC Is like a function call, the calling arguments are passed through to the remote procedure and the caller waits for the response from the remote procedure. The RPC is made between two networked systems. A thread can be blocked until either a request or reply is arrived or it will time out. When the request is received the server will send a dispatch routine that performs the requested services and sends the client a reply. 6. Internet Protocols: Internet protocols are used for computer communication and also used to identify a computers address. An IP address as a 32 bit number and this called as IPV4 the development of IPV6 is predicted that depletion of available addresses. So IPV6 uses 128 bits for a address. IPV4 example 172.16.254.1 (IPV4) and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (IPv6). 7. Synchronization: Synchronization policy is not to go into deadlock condition. Consider multiple process tries to access resources which is in the distributed environment. The synchronization process is to handle all the requests from the process and assign them the resources based on the priority requested client and with pre-defined conditions synchronizing the clients with their request without going into deadlock condition. 8. Server: A server is a computer programs that runs in a computer or other computer and it provides other computer to connect through via network. A computer that usually runs server program are usually the server. If it run every time then it usually called the dedicated server. In client/server program the server program always waits and fulfills the client request. The few types of servers from other number of possibilities: Application Server: Its in the distributed networks that provide the business logic for an application program. Proxy Server: A proxy server is software that acts as a mediator between endpoint devices such as computer and a client and another server from which a user or client requesting a service. Virtual Server A virtual server is a program that usually runs on the shared server. The way it seems to each user that they have the complete control over the server. Policy Server: Policy server is a security component which has a policy based network that provides authorization services and facilitates tracking and control of files. 9. Client: A client is a computer that retrieves information from or users resources provided by the server or main computer. Web browsers are clients that connect to the web servers and retrieve web pages for display same as email clients and multiplayer video games. A client is a part of client-server architecture and client and servers are computer programs that may be run in the same computer and get connected to each other through Inter process communication (i[i) techniques through Internet sockets. There are different types of clients Fat client, Thin Client and Hybrid Client. Fat Client: A fat client is also said to be rich client which stores bulk number of data and does not rely on data processing operations itself. Thin Client: A thin client is a minimal sort of client. It requires resources from the host computer. It process data only provided by an application server. Hybrid Client: A hybrid client is combination of both fat and thin client. But relies on the server for storing the persistent data. Fat client supports (multimedia support, high performance) and thin client supports (high manageability, flexibility). 10. Bandwidth: Bandwidth is referred in bits, how many bits of data are transferred per second in a connection. Higher bandwidth often translates into high performance, although overall performance also depends on the other factors. Bandwidth can measured in units of bits per second(bps). 11. Synchronous and Asynchronous calls: A synchronous call can be defined by call opens a socket and waits for a response before closing the socket. Using synchronous calls server can waste resources, and can timeout. Such as running a server upgrade or downloading a big file. When using Asynchronous calls can be defined by, the client sends the request and then immediately a   response is sent to the specified callback server. A http 202 response is immediately returned from the HTTP connection that invoked the service. Asynchronous calls do not wait for a response to the close the socket. Once the service is complete, the response is sent to the specified callback server. 12. Gossip Protocol: A gossip protocol   is a method of communication now used in the modern days to spread message. This is epidemic protocol sometimes pronounced as gossip protocol where the gossips spread the information in a manner similar to virus spread. Most often distributed systems use gossip protocol to solve the mighty difficulty problems because the network might be huge, because gossip solutions are the easiest ones to spread the solutions. There are three prevailing types of Gossip protocols Dissemination Protocols: They basically work as a   flooding agents in the network. It produces the worst case loads: Event dissemination protocols: It uses high latency to report events. Gossips occurs periodically and the events dont trigger any gossip. Background data dissemination Protocols: Constantly gossip about the information associated with the participating nodes. Latency isnt a concern Anti-entropy protocols: Anti-entropy protocols are used to repair the replicate the data. By comparing the replicas and reconciling differences. Protocols that computes aggregates: These compute the network-wide aggregates by sampling the information at the nodes in the network and combing the values to arrive at a system-wide value- The largest value for some measurement nodes are making, the smallest etc. The key requirement is that the aggregate must be computable by fixed-size pair wise information exchanges; these typically terminate the after a number rounds of information exchange logarithmic in the system size. 13. Network Address Translation Network address Translation (NAT) is the virtualization of internet protocol addresses. NAT is a process of remapping the IP address space into one another by modifying the network information in internet protocol. The technique was originally used to improve security and decrease the number of IP addresses an organization needs. The more advanced implementations used in NAT are the Ip masquerading. Ip masquerading is also form of NAT which allows the internal computers with no known address outside their networks, to communicate to the outside. 14. Middleware: Middleware is defined as the software layer that is between the operating system and system applications and it can be found in both client and server machines.   When two computers are getting communicated the middle ware hides the information of both computers to one another. The middleware also acts as a bridge between the client and server.   The middleware allows the client and server to communicate with each other so that there arent any issues such as incompatible OS, programs. 15. DHCP: DHCP (Dynamic host configuration protocol) is a client/server protocol. There is a DHCP server that will dynamically distribute network configuration parameters. It assigns the IP address to the network dynamically. When a client connects to a network, the DHCP clients sends a broadcast request a information. DHCP manages a pool of IP addresses and information about the client such as default gateway, domain name, name servers. A DHCP server can assign a new address whenever it wants based on administrator assignment policies. DHCP server have three methods of allocating IP address: 1) Dynamic allocation 2) Automatic allocation 3) Manual Allocation 16.Inter-process communication: Inter process communication is interfaces that allow programmer to coordinate activates among different program processes that can run concurrently in a an operating system. This allows program to handle many user requests at the same time. The single request may lead to multiple process running on this situation process needs to communicate each other. So IPC interfaces will take care. 17.Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless technology was designed in 1994 by Ericsson. Bluetooth uses UHF radio waves which covers a short distances of ISM band from 2.4 Ghz to 2.485 Ghz. It was the wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Data is getting divided into packets and transmits each packets to designated Bluetooth channels. The channels bandwidth is of 1MHz. A Bluetooth device can connect up to maximum of 7 devices. It switches rapidly from one to another using a round robin scheduling algorithm. 18.One time pad: One time pad is an encryption technique. In this technique the actual message is converted into binary form and data is padded with extra new random binary bits the logic is implemented along with it. When the process is done we should be having a new binary bits which is no longer similar to the original message or the padded bits. These bits are padded using XOR binary operator. The padding bits has to lengthy so decrypting will take a time. If its too short the padding can be easily decrypted. 19.Authorization:

Macbeth: Verdict Not Guilty! :: essays research papers

Macbeth, the Innocent Good day. Today I will prove to you that Macbeth, the king of Scotland, is innocent. It is outrageous that anyone in this courtroom should think otherwise. There are three key factors to consider before it is possible to make any judgment concerning the murderer of Duncan. First of all, before fingers are pointed at Macbeth, I ask you to consider if he is the only suspicious person? A murderer must have a motive and an opportunity. Obviously, there are several candidates that fit this category. Also, before you can reach a final decision, you must consider the character of the individual. Macbeth is a man of the finest character; he does not have the nature of a cold-blooded killer. I am sure you will agree with me long before you go into the jury room. Finally, the will of the gods must be taken into consideration. It is not within the powers of mortals, even important mortals like Macbeth, to change the future as determined by the stars. I am confident that you, dear jury, will con sider the three factors I will shortly describe and realize that Macbeth is a most unlikely suspect. First of all, Macbeth is not the only suspicious person. After all, where were the sons of Duncan just minutes after their father’s brutal murder? You would think that sons who really care about their father would want to discover the truth. What kind of son just runs off and vanishes when he learns of the horrific death of his own father? Where were Malcolm and Donalbain? If anyone here in this court lost a loved one, no one would turn his back, especially to a father. But these young men, next in line to the throne, decided it would be a better idea to wait for the heat to go down. The only possible explanation is that they, themselves, felt guilty. Sadly, I fear, we must also look at Lady Macbeth. Although it is unpleasant to speak ill of the dead, I ask you, why is the Lady dead? We all know that in the period of time before her death she was crazy and possessed. She walked around the castle rubbing her hands and trying to remove the stains of blood that she thought she saw there. Does this sound like an innocent woman? She believed that Macbeth was weak and not driven.

K-12:an Asset or a Drawback in Promoting Quality Education?

K-12: AN ASSET OR A DRAWBACK IN PROMOTING QUALITY EDUCATION? Sol F. Constantino (ED 213)Graduate School, Ateneo de Naga University There are ample reasons behind the emergence of K+12 Basic Education Program. With our country’s current situation, consequently it became an issue. Similar to coin tossing, this argument has its heads and tails thus it earned different public reactions; an approval from those who viewed K+12 as the answer to the poor quality of basic education and stern rebukes from â€Å"folks whose pocketbooks would be adversely impacted by the proposed additional 2 years of basic education† (Cruz, 2010).Hence, If equated to analogy, the product of the old curriculum with a K-6-4 structure and the new curriculum having K-6-4-2 model can be compared to two newborn babies, a premature baby (half-baked graduates) whose needs must be addressed in order to survive and a normal one (the ideal graduate) . Futhermore, I consider the features of K+12 to be more an advantage in enhancing our quality of education but the conflict here is the preparedness of the crucial elements needed to be procured by DepEd as it turned out to be an untimely implementation.The cons reckoned many drawbacks of K+12 as they consider it an impediment and an additional burden especially to parents. The Philippine Star writer Isagani Cruz enumerated the downsides of K+12 in his column. He asserted that parents have to shell out more money (for transportation and food) for the education of their children as they find the additional two years heavy for their expense which will lead to a high dropout rate of the students if not addressed . I personally don’t concur to this point.Providing our children quality education is like farming, where one needs to perspire and endure working under the sun, plow the fields and take good care of everything in order to have a good harvest. Absolutely it is hard, but not impossible. Another reason cited is that the governmen t does not have the money to pay for two more years of free education, since it does not even have the money to fully support the ten years of basic education. The cons believed that the problem of BEC is the content and not the length, thus the emphasis must be on â€Å"better† rather than on â€Å"more† education.For them, ten years is enough to equip students with necessary skills to become productive and successful members of our nation so there’s no need for the additional two years. Another problem that goes with the curriculum implementation are the skills and competency of teachers. Changes in the curriculum implies that teachers must be resilient and flexible enough to adopt the new trends. As I have mentioned earlier, the main concern that I think must be addressed first is the readiness of every component of education, including sufficient classrooms, chairs, teachers and equipment.Citing the present status of my own school as an example, classroom an d teacher shortage is the main problem because we have a high rate of enrolment but the teachers are compelled to hold big classes (sometimes seventy or more pupils in one section) in dilapidated and improvised classrooms, even in shade houses within the school premises. In addition, sufficient educational supplies such as error-free workbooks and other teaching materials are still of great demand.Answering these needs will not be done with just a blink of an eye. Thus, implementing the new curriculum this early is a premature step because majority of its vital parts is not yet developed and realized. However, we are hoping that these issues will be immediately settled upon knowing that DepEd is one of the priorities of the present administration having a hefty P1,645 trillion budget. The positive features of K-12 stand out as it provide more benefits over the previous system in terms of quality education.The proponents believed it is the answer to our country’s ailing need a s they figured out the following reasons: K+12 will produce graduates who are competent, physically, mentally and emotionally ready in their field of endeavor because the additional two years in the Senior High School curriculum will serve as the student’s career assessment as it offers areas of specialization or electives such as science and technology, music and arts, agriculture and fisheries, sports, business and entrepreneurship.It will help the students define what college course is suitable to his skills and interests which will make them excel in their chosen field. Filipino graduates will benefit from their degree earned when they work abroad because they will be recognized as professionals having graduated in a twelve-year basic educational cycle prescribed in international standard. So, Filipino professionals no longer need to serve s domestic helpers in other countries because they are entitled to practice their profession. Based from contradicting points enumerat ed and weighing the outcomes given, I resolved this issue by finally stating that K+12 is more of an asset than a drawback in promoting quality education. Let us embrace the fact that our country under the new leadership of President Ninoy Aquino III is undergoing Reconstructionism, that is, creating social change in building the nation through basic quality education.The reason for this change doesn’t stop from raising the students’ achievement scores alone. It aims to show the world that Filipino students are brilliant, and that Philippines wants to be at par with progressive countries because we don’t want to be left behind. In order to achieve this, our country really need brilliant students who will turn to be our country’s young entrepreneurs, as well as smart and competent teachers.Functional and productive Filipino citizens will make Philippines a progressive nation. All these will start from the fundamentals, the basic education. So, as a Grade O ne teacher, as early as June, I strive hard to let my pupils learn the essential skills expected to be mastered by first graders; reading, speaking, writing and counting. I will make sure that the incoming second graders next year are all good readers as I strictly implement the â€Å"No Read No Pass† policy.As for my professional development, I continue to augment my teaching skills through wide reading, online research on best teaching practices and continuous studies. Through my own simple ways, I aspire to contribute to our goal of nation building by providing basic quality education even if it means walking an extra mile and spending at my own expense. References: Balangue, D. (2010, November). Is K+12 the answer? Inquirer Opinion/ Column.Retrieved from http://opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20101126-305539/Is-K12-the-answer Cruz, I. (2010, October). Pros & Cons in the K+12 Basic Education Debate. The Philippine Star. Retrieved from http://mlephil. wo rdpress. com/2010/10/14/pros-cons-of-the-k12-debate/ Discussion paper on the enhanced K+12 basic education program. (2010, October 5). Retrieved from www. deped. gov. ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/K12new. pdf

Psychodynamic Perspective Essay

There are various different approaches in contemporary approaches. An approach is a perspective that involves assumptions about human behaviour, the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study and what research methods are appropriate for undertaking this study. There may be several different theories within an approach, but they all share these common assumptions. You may be wonder why there are so many different psychology perspectives and whether one approach is correct and others wrong. Most psychologists would agree that no one perspective is correct, although in the past, in the early days of psychology, the behaviourist would have said their perspective was the only truly scientific one. Each perspective has its strengths and weakness and brings something different to our understanding of human behaviour. For this reason, it is important that psychology does have different perspectives to the understanding and study of human and animal behaviour. There are few clear explanations of common misbehaviour among secondary school students aged 16-19 years of age in terms of psychological theories. These explanations from the earlier psychologists able to make us understand more about gang violence that is increasing in amount nowadays. 3.0 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE 3.1 DEFINITION Psychodynamic referred to as an approach to psychology that emphasises systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behaviour, feelings and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious motivation. It is also used by some to refer specifically to the psychoanalytical approach developed by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and his followers, although such use becomes confusing, because some of those followers, in particular, John Bowlby opposed the founding principles of Freud’s theory, forming opposing factions. Bowlby’s attachment theory, still described as ‘psychodynamic’ in approach, is widely considered to be the basis of most current research and to have put the field formerly known as psychoanalysis on a more scientifically based,  experimentally testable, footing. The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are often confused. Remember that Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. Sigmund Freud developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived for example based on what his patients told him during therapy. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. Psychodynamic psychology ignores the trappings of science and instead focuses on trying to get ‘inside the head’ of individuals in order to make sense of their relationships, experiences and how they see the world. The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious and between the different structures of the personality. Freud’s psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas, e.g. Jung (1964), Adler (1927) and Erikson (1950). 3.2 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE ASSUMPTIONS Behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. Behaviour and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences. All behaviour has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behaviour is determined. Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). Personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different conflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexual development). The unconscious is one of the most powerful effects on behaviour and emotion No behaviour is without cause and is therefore determined. Childhood experiences greatly affect emotions and behaviour as adults. The  id, ego and super-ego make up personality  The drives behind behaviour are a) The lift instinct and sex drive b) Death instinct and aggressive drive. Various conflicts throughout childhood development shape overall personality. The psychodynamic perspective asserts that in childhood certain incidents may occur that produce behaviours in adulthood. As children, defence mechanisms are utilized, then as adults behaviours manifest as a result. Examples of defence mechanisms that may be used include: Repression Denial Reaction formation Sublimation Projection Displacement Regression Fantasy Some examples of behaviours and their explanations using psychodynamic perspective include: Obsessive hand washing could be linked to a trauma in childhood that now causes this behaviour Nail-biting may be caused by an anxiety inducing childhood event A childhood event that caused fear in an open space may trigger agoraphobia in an adult Hoarding behaviours could be a result of childhood trauma Number aversion can be an obsessive behaviour perhaps initiated by an incident in childhood development Rituals of nervousness such as completing a task a certain number of times (such as opening and closing a cabinet) could be linked to a childhood situation Skin picking is a compulsion that would be linked to a developmental trauma Another compulsive behaviour is hair plucking Compulsively counting footsteps could be linked to an incident in childhood.  Any irrational behaviours can be blamed on childhood instances of trauma or development Neurotic behaviours can be linked to childhood development issues or interruptions Sexual compulsions or related sexual behavioural issues are linked at the sexual development stage using the psychodynamic perspective. 3.3 HISTORY OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE Anna O a patient of Dr. Joseph Breuer, who is Freud’s mentor and friend, from 1800 to 1882 suffered from hysteria. In 1895 Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book, Studies on Hysteria. In it they explained their theory that says every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person’s understanding of the world. The publication establishes Freud as â€Å"the father of psychoanalysis.† By 1896, Freud had found the key to his own system, naming it psychoanalysis. In it he had replaced hypnosis with â€Å"free association.† In 1900, Freud published his first major work, The Interpretation of Dreams, which established the importance of psychoanalytical movement. In 1902, Freud founded the Psychological Wednesday Society, later transformed into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. As the organization grew, Freud established an inner circle of devoted followers, the so-called â€Å"Committee†. Freud and his colleagues came to Massachusetts in 1909 to lecture on their new methods of understanding mental illness. Those in attendance included some of the country’s most important intellectual figures, such as William James, Franz Boas, and Adolf Meyer. In the years following the visit to the United States, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded. Freud designated Carl Jung as his successor to lead the Association, and chapters were created in major cities in Europe and elsewhere. Regular meetings or congresses were held to discuss the theory, therapy, and cultural applications of the new discipline. Jung’s study on schizophrenia, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, led him into collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Jung’s close collaboration with Freud lasted until 1913. Jung had become increasingly critical of Freud’s exclusively sexual definition of libido and incest. The publication of Jung’s Wandlungen und Symbole der  Libido, known in English as The Psychology of the Unconscious, ted to a final break. Following his emergence from this period of crisis, Jung developed his own theories systematically under the name of Analytical Psychology. Jung’s concepts of the collective unconscious led him to explore religion in the East and West, myths, alchemy and later flying saucers. Anna Freud, Freud’s daughter, became a major force in British psychology, specializing in the application of psychoanalysis to children. Among her best known work is The Ego and the Mechanism of Defence (1936). 3.4 PSYCHODYNAMIC STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS STRENGTHS LIMITATIONS Made the case study method popular in psychology Defence mechanisms Free association Projective Tests (TAT, Rorschach) Highlighted the importance of childhood Case studies are subjective and cannot generalize results Unscientific (lacks empirical support) Too deterministic (little free-will) Biased sample Ignores meditational processes (e.g. thinking, memory) Rejects free will Difficult to prove wrong 3.5 PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE CRITICISMS The greatest criticism of the psychodynamic approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour. Many of the concepts central to Freud’s theories are subjective and as much impossible to scientifically test. For example, how is it possible to scientifically study concepts like the unconscious mind or the tripartite personality? In this respect, the psychodynamic perspective is difficult to prove wrong as the theories cannot be empirically investigated. Furthermore, most of the evidence for psychodynamic theories is taken from Freud’s case studies, e.g. Little Hans, Anna O. The main problem here is that the case studies are based on studying one person in detail and with reference to Freud the individuals in question are most often middle aged women from Vienna for instance his patients. This makes generalizations to the wider population difficult. The humanistic approach makes the criticism that the psychodynamic perspective is too deterministic that it is leaving little room for the idea of personal agency. 3.6 PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF GANG VIOLENCE The psychodynamic theory places its emphasis on the notion that one of the main causes of gang violence is children’s abnormal personalities that were created and developed in earlier life. Since then these â€Å"unconscious mental processes† have been controlling the adolescents’ criminal behaviour. The Id is the drive for immediate gratification and can explain gang violence acts. The ego is the realization of real life and helps control the Id. Superego develops through interactions with parents and other responsible adults and develops the conscience of moral rules. This psychodynamic approach states that traumatic experiences during early childhood can prevent the ego and superego from developing properly, therefore leaving the Id with greater power (Champion, 2004). According to psychodynamic theory, whose basis is the pioneering work of the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, law violations are a product of an abnormal personality structure formed early in life and which thereafter controls human behaviour choices. Unconscious motivations for behaviour come from the Id’s action in response to two primal needs-sex and aggression. Human behaviour is often marked by symbolic actions that reflect hidden feelings about these needs. For example, stealing a car may reflect a person’s unconscious need for shelter and mobility to escape from hostile enemies or perhaps an urge to enter a closed, dark, womblike structure that reflects the earliest memories (sex). All three segments of the personality operate simultaneously. The Id dictates needs and desires, the superego counteracts the Id by fostering the feelings of morality and righteousness and the ego evaluates the reality of a position between these two extremes. If these two components are properly balanced, the individual can lead a normal life. If one aspect of the personality becomes dominant at the expense of the others, the individual exhibits abnormal personality traits. A number of psychologists and psychiatrists expanded upon Freud’s original model to explain the onset of gang violence among adolescents. Erik Erikson speculated that many adolescents experience a life crisis in which they feel emotional, impulsive and uncertain of their role and purpose. He coined the phrase identity crisis to denote this period of inner turmoil and confusion. Erikson’s approach might characterize the behaviour of youthful drug abusers as an expansion of confusion over their place in society, their inability to direct behaviour towards useful outlets and perhaps their dependency on others to offer them solutions to their problems. Psychoanalyst, August Aichorn, found in his classic work that social stress alone could not produce such an emotional state. He identify latent delinquencies which means youths whose troubled family leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others. In its most extreme form, gang violence may be viewed as a form of psychosis that prevents delinquent youths from appreciating the feelings of their victims or controlling their own impulsive needs for gratification. Psychodynamic theory holds that youth involvement in gang violence is a result of unresolved mental anguish and internal conflict. Some children, especially those who have been abused or mistreated, might experience unconscious feelings associated with resentment, fear and hatred. If this conflict cannot be settled, the children may regress to a state in which they become Id dominated. This regression may be considered responsible for a great number of mental diseases, from neuroses to psychoses, and in many cases it may be related to criminal behaviour. Adolescents in gangs are Id-dominated people who suffer from the inability to control impulsive drives. Just because they suffered unhappy experiences in childhood or had families who could not  provide proper love and care, causing them to suffer from weak or damaged egos that make them unable to cope with conventional society. Adolescent antisocial behaviour is a consequence of feeling unable to cope with feelings of oppression. Involvement in gang violence actually allows youths to strive by producing positive psychic results, helping them to feel free and independent, giving them possibility of excitement and the chance to use their skills and imagination; providing the promise of positive gain, allowing them to blame others for their predicament (for example, the police) and giving them a chance to rationalize their own sense of failure. The psychodynamic approach places a heavy emphasis on the family’s role. Gangs frequently come from families in which parents unable to provide the controls that allow children to develop the personal tools they need to cope with the world. If neglectful parents fail to develop a child’s superego adequately, the child’s Id may become the predominant personality force, the absence of a strong superego results in an inability to distinguish clearly between right and wrong. In fact, some psychodynamic view gangs as motivated by an unconscious urge to be punished. These children feel unloved, assume the reason must be their own inadequacy, hence they deserve punishment. Later, the youth may demand immediate gratification, lack of compassion and sensitivity for the needs of others, disassociate feelings, act aggressively and impulsively and demonstrate other psychotic symptoms. According to the psychodynamic approach, gang violence is a function of unconscious mental instability and turmoil. People who have lost control and are dominated by their Id are known as psychotics, thus causing their behaviour be marked by hallucinations and inappropriate responses. Megargee’s ‘overcontrolled’ violent offender Megargee (1966) documented a series of cases of gang violence carried out by people who were regarded as passive and harmless. For instance, an 11 year-old boy who stabbed his brother 34 times with a steak knife was described as polite and softly spoken with no history of aggression. Megargee argued that such cases represent a distinct sub-group of violent offender criminological psychology. Psychodynamic theories of offending Aidan Sammons whose shared characteristic is an apparent inability to express their anger in normal ways and who eventually ‘explode’ and release all their anger and aggression at once, often in response to a seemingly trivial provocation. Freudian formulations like Megargee’s are unfashionable nowadays and more research attention is given to the majority of violent offenders, whose problem is generally a lack of inhibition of their anger, rather than too much inhibition. Nonetheless, there is evidence that a subset of violent offenders follow the pattern described by Megargee. For example, Blackburn (1971) found that people convicted of extremely violent assaults tended to have fewer previous convictions and scored lower on measures of hostility than those convicted of moderately violent assaults. However, the existence of such a group does not in itself show that Megargee was correct about the underlying mechanisms responsible.

What is the meaning of Big Government

What is the meaning of Big Government Free Online Research Papers Say what you will about our government, but arguably, there is no greater success story. We take many of the benefits of living in the United States of America for granted. Essentially, government mandates are proposed to ensure the safety of the citizenry. These are just a few of the more widely known programs: The Clean Air and Water programs, Occupational safety (OSHA), Drug and Food safety (FDA), Trade regulation (FTC), Banking Insurance (FICA), National Defense, National Weather Service, Employment Benefits , Retirement Benefits (SSI), Nutritional programs for needy people worldwide, Student financial Aid, National Parks and Recreation, Infrastructure, Scientific Research Funding, and Federal Investigations (FBI, CIA). Most programs are successful in their mission, providing a safety net to society. Some programs are not so successful, like the No Child Left Behind Act. Some argue our government is too large. Which programs should we do without? If government payrolls are cut who should lose their job? Where does that job go? If the job goes to the private sector isn’t it possible that job could be outsourced? It would be interesting to have someone from India collect your Federal Income Taxes over the phone. A person with a government job normally has a secure position, earns a good living wage to raise their family, and benefits if they get sick. On one hand; the â€Å"Conservative Right†, closely allied with the Republican Party, tout fiscal responsibility, religious principles, individual rights, and generosity toward industry. On the other hand, the â€Å"Liberal† Democratic Party doctrine touts that people be treated as equal in all arenas: politically, economically, and socially. It advocates the removal of economic inequalities among people. The Republican party normally refers to Democrats as being Big Government, Tax and Spend Liberals. The Republican criticism of Democratic governance is that the Democrats expound a government which has grown too large, corrupt or inefficient; or a government that oversteps its boundaries into public policy. Democrats counter that Big Business is unnecessarily involved in special legislation. Some argue that Big Government may not be the problem. The real problem may be government officials, from either party, who are courted by special interest groups to support deregulatory legislation; in exchange for campaign contributions. They infiltrate government programs and subvert the public interest. Below are some recent examples of big businesses who have received their favors at our expense: 1. Exxon Mobil made billions in profits, and yet paid not one dime in federal income taxes in 2009. 2. The 2005 energy bill had a little known provision, commonly called the Halliburton Loophole, which exempted natural gas drilling from the Clean Water Act. The result? Water so contaminated that you can light it on fire. This is called â€Å"Fracking.† 3. Massey Energy was cited more than 2400 times for safety violations in its mines, but chose not to fix potentially lethal problems because low penalties meant it was cheaper to simply keep paying the fines. This spring, 29 miners were killed in an underground explosion at a Massey mine in West Virginia. 4. Michael Taylor was the FDA official who approved the use of Monsantos Bovine Growth Hormone in dairy cows (even though its banned in most countries and linked to cancer). After approving it, he left the FDA- to work for Monsanto. Until last year, when he moved back to the government- as President Obamas Food Safety Czar. No joke. 5. Internal Toyota documents outline how the company was successful in limiting regulators actions in the recalls last year- saving hundreds of millions while the death toll continued to climb. 6. GE and its lobbyists- including 33 former government employees- have successfully lobbied Congress to override Defense Department requests to cancel a GE contract to work on a new engine for the Joint Strike Fighter jet. GE will need $2.9 billion to finish the project. 7. Top executives at 9 big banks including Citibank, Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, and Morgan Stanley paid themselves over $20 billion in bonuses just weeks after taxpayers bailed them out to the tune of $700 billion . 8. During the waning days of the Bush administration, officials responded to a long-term lobbying campaign by pre-empting product liability lawsuits for dozens of industries. They bypassed Congress entirely and rewrote rules ranging from seatbelt manufacturing regulations to prescription drug safety. 9. Sunscreen manufacturers including Johnson Johnson and Schering-Plough, in the interest of profits, are opposing an FDA proposal requiring full reporting on sunscreen labels. The New York Times just confirmed that current SPF ratings dont even measure sun rays that cause cancer. 10. BP- a company with a record of 760 drilling safety and environmental violations- was granted safety waivers in order to operate the deepwater drilling rig that ultimately created the worst environmental disaster in US history. A good solution is to be an activist not a pacifist, lobby for more transparency. Campaign reform has been talked about for years; without legislation in sight. The people may not have the money the special interests have; but we have all the strength we need in numbers! Instead of propagating confusion with stereotypical words (Big Government); we can conceptualize the facts and the nature of the arguments by using plain language that everyone understands. Legislation the population must live by is certainly legislation the business community must adhere to, without exceptions. If the money and favors were taken away, the public interest would be at the heart of our government. Until then, think wisely about who you do business with; are they consumer and environmentally friendly? Should you use Bank of America , or your local credit union. Is WalMart good for everyone? If we make government once again, â€Å"for the good of the people,† think about what a place we c ould hand down to our children! Sources: 1. BPs latest plan succeeding, but may make spill worse, Newsweek, June 2, 2010. moveon.org/r?r=88880id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=5 2. GE, Exxon Paid No U.S. Income Taxes in 2009, ABC News, April 6, 2010 moveon.org/r?r=89262id=id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=6 3. Why is Dick Cheney Silent on the Oil Spill? Newsweek, June 10, 2010 moveon.org/r?r=89263id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=7 4. Other Massey Mines Showed A Pattern Of Violations, NPR, April 13, 2010 moveon.org/r?r=89264id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=8 5. Monsantos man Taylor returns to FDA in food-czar role, Grist, July 8, 2009 grist.org/article/2009-07-08-monsanto-FDA-taylor/ 6. Toyota tried to cut costs on recalls, Los Angeles Times, February 22, 2010 moveon.org/r?r=89265id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=9 7. GE vice chairman openly challenges Gates over F-35 fighter jet engine, The Hill, June 17, 2010 moveon.org/r?r=89266id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=10 8. Bankers Reaped Lavish Bonuses During Bailouts, The New York Times, July 30, 2009 9. Bush Rule Changes Curtail Rights of States, Consumers, Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2008 moveon.org/r?r=89267id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=11 10. UVA Reform: Its Not PDQ, The New York Times, June 23, 2010 moveon.org/r?r=89268id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=12 11. BPs latest plan succeeding, but may make spill worse, Newsweek, June 2, 2010. moveon.org/r?r=88880id=21637-17633241-fpbl2Zxt=13 Research Papers on What is the meaning of "Big Government"Quebec and CanadaTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Essay on The Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial LiteracyEssay Writing Service

Essay on The Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial LiteracyEssay Writing Service Essay on The Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial Literacy Essay on The Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial LiteracyToday, purchases can be made in different ways. In this regard, the analysis of my payment methods reveal the growing trend to the wider use of electronic and credit card payments, which comprise the larger part of all payments that I make, whereas cash comprise the minimal level of payments that I make. The method of payment varies depending on circumstances but, as a rule, I make either electronic or credit card payments, which are the most convenient for me at the moment. Moreover, I believe the majority of consumers also prefer the same method of payments as I do since this is fast and effective method of payment and a large part of transactions are done in the electronic way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rise of the popularity of electronic transactions and purchases is, to a significant extent, driven by the popularity of e-commerce and increasing market share of e-commerce compared to conventi onal methods of payment. In such a way, the development of e-commerce stimulated the increase of electronic purchases and transactions. At the same time, the development of electronic transactions and purchases has both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, electronic payments are beneficial in terms of the speed of transactions because, as a rule, a transaction is completed within a matter of seconds (McDaniel, Martin, Maines, 2002). In addition, electronic purchases are very convenient for consumers, because they can choose the target product or service online and purchase them right from their homes, workplace or whatsoever. Consumers receive their product or service wherever and whenever they want.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, electronic purchases have a number of drawbacks. In this regard, the risk of the identity theft and loss of private information are probably the major risks associated with electronic purchases. In fact, these r isks lead to the identity theft as well as financial losses resulting from the identity theft (Parrino, 2006). This risk increases along with the fast progress of technology that puts under a threat electronic transactions, which cannot always be fully protected since information protection systems cannot always match the progress of technology aiming at the identity theft and unauthorized access to the private information and consumer’s money.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, credit card purchases are similar, in a way, to electronic transactions, but still they are also very popular and comprise the major part of all of my purchases along with electronic purchases. In fact, credit cards are very popular because they open wider opportunities for consumers to make their purchases. For example, one of the major advantages of credit cards is the possibilities of using credits to purchase products and services. As a result, buyers can take a credit ins tantly to buy the target product or service (Pine Gilmore, 2009). The consumer does not waste his/her time on taking a loan from a bank. Instead, the consumer just uses the credit card. In addition, the development of credit cards transactions became very convenient for consumers. As for me, credit cards are very convenient, when I am running out of money and need some extra money to borrow from a bank to cover my expenses. As a rule, I use it at the end of the month, before I receive the money I earn. Credit cards also offer an opportunity to make purchases fast and convenient.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, the use of credit cards is accompanied by the same risks as electronic purchases since consumers also face the risk of the identity theft, if the private information about their credit cards is uncovered by the third parties. At the same time, credit cards are better than cash because they are not as easy to use to pay by the third parties as ca sh. At any rate, the owner of the stolen credit card, for example, always have a chance to block the card and prevent stealing his/her money from the card.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, I still use cash occasionally as well as many other buyers do but this method of payment is still relatively outdated and inconvenient compared to electronic purchases or credit cards. In fact, cash is not always convenient for sellers as well, especially for large companies. Instead, small business, where the cash flow is relatively low are more interested in cash because cash will not be as confusing for their accounting as would be the case of large corporations with a considerable capital turnover.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, cash is still ‘real’ money compared to ‘virtual’ money used in case of electronic or credit cards payments. In fact, in case of a hypothetical shutdown of electronic or credit cards paym ent system or both, cash will be definitely an advantageous method of payment. However, such shutdown is rather hypothetical than real.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the use of electronic payments and credit cards is the most popular way of purchases for me as well as for many other people, who take advantage of convenience of using electronic payments and credit cards to make their purchases.

Business Studeis Market Analysis

In doing so Samsung would build a customer base, and if sales were to increase more intensive research could be carried out as to ascertain more ideas from customers for future products. Furthermore it is essential that Samsung meet their customer’s demands, this is so that the company can become more efficient, by doing so, waste can be eradicated and inadequacy also. Therefore costs can be lowered within Samsung, increasing the amount of profit that can be made, with the eradication of waste this also lowers marketing costs, as the amount of products needed to be marketed is lowered. Here it is therefore evident market analysis is essential as this allows Samsung to save money, optimising their profit margins. The success of the company in the case of meeting customer needs and becoming more efficient, relies mainly on that of market analysis which contributes to objectives in these areas being met. In addition, on the other hand market analysis is not always essential when achieving market objectives, this is clear as, in the case of Samsung their market and competitors are rapidly changing frequently, so therefore market analysis would be pointless and time would be wasted, time = money, thus meaning money would be lost on research which wouldn’t be useful in the long term for Samsung but merely the short term. This would therefore make it hard for Samsung to achieve its objectives. Samsung’s market is constantly changing and the demand for new products is constant. Not only is the market rapidly changing but competitors also – as stated, for example Samsung’s competitors mimic and undercut Samsung’s promotional offers and match their prices, thus meaning market analysis would not be the best option for them in achieving objectives, this would not allow Samsung to gain the best possible competitive advantage over competitors, but simply aid competitors in gaining the competitive advantage over themselves, the best way for Samsung to complete a market objective associated with profit would be to copy the actions of competitors and also use penetrative pricing to undercut them. Another reason why market analysis may not necessarily be the most effective way in achieving marketing objectives is that when retrieving research the retrieval of secondary research proves to be costly, although cheap it is often useless, and out of date, and in the case of Samsung’s rapidly changing market then the use of secondary data would certainly not be an option for consideration, this therefore results in Samsung basing their research solely on Primary research via that of customer feedback or questionnaires, which is the most costly of the two, however proves most effective when put into action and contributing to marketing objectives. In conclusion, in the short term I believe it is best for Samsung to use market analysis to its full potential to gain the competitive advantage needed, although costly it may pay off in the long run, however in the long run I believe that it will become costly though, as market research would need to be carried out on frequent occas ions in this case of Samsung and therefore would prove too costly for the company, and this money spent could be used elsewhere perhaps on the production of more products. Business Studeis Market Analysis In doing so Samsung would build a customer base, and if sales were to increase more intensive research could be carried out as to ascertain more ideas from customers for future products. Furthermore it is essential that Samsung meet their customer’s demands, this is so that the company can become more efficient, by doing so, waste can be eradicated and inadequacy also. Therefore costs can be lowered within Samsung, increasing the amount of profit that can be made, with the eradication of waste this also lowers marketing costs, as the amount of products needed to be marketed is lowered. Here it is therefore evident market analysis is essential as this allows Samsung to save money, optimising their profit margins. The success of the company in the case of meeting customer needs and becoming more efficient, relies mainly on that of market analysis which contributes to objectives in these areas being met. In addition, on the other hand market analysis is not always essential when achieving market objectives, this is clear as, in the case of Samsung their market and competitors are rapidly changing frequently, so therefore market analysis would be pointless and time would be wasted, time = money, thus meaning money would be lost on research which wouldn’t be useful in the long term for Samsung but merely the short term. This would therefore make it hard for Samsung to achieve its objectives. Samsung’s market is constantly changing and the demand for new products is constant. Not only is the market rapidly changing but competitors also – as stated, for example Samsung’s competitors mimic and undercut Samsung’s promotional offers and match their prices, thus meaning market analysis would not be the best option for them in achieving objectives, this would not allow Samsung to gain the best possible competitive advantage over competitors, but simply aid competitors in gaining the competitive advantage over themselves, the best way for Samsung to complete a market objective associated with profit would be to copy the actions of competitors and also use penetrative pricing to undercut them. Another reason why market analysis may not necessarily be the most effective way in achieving marketing objectives is that when retrieving research the retrieval of secondary research proves to be costly, although cheap it is often useless, and out of date, and in the case of Samsung’s rapidly changing market then the use of secondary data would certainly not be an option for consideration, this therefore results in Samsung basing their research solely on Primary research via that of customer feedback or questionnaires, which is the most costly of the two, however proves most effective when put into action and contributing to marketing objectives. In conclusion, in the short term I believe it is best for Samsung to use market analysis to its full potential to gain the competitive advantage needed, although costly it may pay off in the long run, however in the long run I believe that it will become costly though, as market research would need to be carried out on frequent occas ions in this case of Samsung and therefore would prove too costly for the company, and this money spent could be used elsewhere perhaps on the production of more products.

The Pioneers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Pioneers - Term Paper Example This paper is a critical analysis of contributions of Isaac Newton and Aristotle, some of the most distinguished scientific pioneers in the history of humanity. Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton, a distinguished English philosopher is considered as the most creative and prominent scientific theorist of all times. His most remarkable contribution in mathematical and scientific fields includes the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and pioneering theories in the study of light and color. Moreover, Isaac Newton revolutionalized physical science by the discovery of the three laws of motion and the law of gravitational pull (Westfall, 1971). His contribution in science and mathematics resulted to development of classical mechanics, a very influential scientific discipline. Though Isaac Newton is considered to be one of the most original thinkers, he collaborated the works and ideas of other scientists in the 17 century and before such as Kepler, Galileo, Descartes and Copernicus among others . Isaac Newton asserted this fact by acknowledging in one of his most famous quote that if he had seen further, it was by standing on the shoulders of giants (Alexandre, 1965). He distinguished himself as a brilliant physicist, astronomer, mathematician, alchemist and as a natural philosopher. According to Westfall (1971), Isaac Newton was born in January 4, 1643 to Hannah Ayscough and Isaac Newton. His actual place of birth was at Woolsthorpe, a rural town in Lincolnshire County. During his birth, the Gregorian calendar was not used in England then and hence his birth date was recorded using the Julian calendar as 25 December 1642. The Gregorian calendar, which is the modern style, was adopted in 1752 in England and it was ten days ahead of the Julian style (Westfall, 1971). Isaac Newton was born prematurely and his father had died three months prior to his birth. Later, his mother Hannah remarried when the boy was just three years old, an incident that most Newtonian biographers c onsider as traumatic to his childhood and adulthood. Soon after his mother remarried, Isaac Newton was left under the care of his maternal grandmother Margery Asycough (Westfall, 1971). Isaac Newton was separated from his mother until 1653, when she returned to her motherland after the death of her second husband. He enrolled at King’s school after refusing her mothers attempt of dropping him out of school to train him become a farmer. Isaac Newton’s early academic life was lackluster, but he later, he discovered his abilities after joining Cambridge University from Woolsthorpe in 1661 (Hall, 1980). Cambridge University is a renowned institution of higher learning but at the time of Isaac Newton admission, the centre had not yet grasped emerging scientific changes in its curriculum (Hall, 1980). In this regard, Ackrill (1981) noted that the curriculum was based on ancient works of Aristotle and other classical authors. In this respect, most biographers affirm that Isaa c Newton’s undergraduate studies involved a lot of Aristotle, resulting to his undistinguishable academic performance. However during this time, Isaac Newton concentrated and mustered the works of

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP - Essay Example At the beginning of the 20th century, IQ tests had been considered as the most valid measure of individual intelligence and potential to achieve success in life (Mandell & Pherwani 2003). However, IQ could not reflect the emotional and situational factors of leadership success (Mandell & Pherwani 2003). Today, research of how emotional intelligence and gender affect leadership styles is gaining momentum in organization studies and industrial psychology. More often than not, emotionally intelligent leaders are believed to possess an inherent capacity to perform better and transform the organization. Gender is claimed to predetermine the choice of particular leadership style. However, both assumptions have their strengths and limitations. Emotional intelligence and leadership styles That emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership style create a cohesive relationship has been widely documented. The body of empirical and theoretical literature examining the effects of EI on leadership style constantly expands. Emotionally intelligent leaders are generally considered to be happier than their non-emotional colleagues (Gardner & Stough 2002). Emotionally intelligent leaders are associated with greater workplace and organizational commitments and are believed to have emotions needed to improve the quality of decision making in organizations (Gardner & Stough 2002). Emotions have the potential to boost enthusiasm in followers and contribute to the development of sustained interpersonal relationships (Gardner & Stough 2002). These are the most popular claims highlighting the relationship between leaders and their emotions; but is everything as good as it seems? Generally, researchers recognize that EI does affect leadership styles. Of particular importance is the relationship between EI and transformational leadership (Mandell & Pherwani 2003). Really, transformational leaders usually display a greater extent of emotions than non-transformational leaders, and this fact has far-reaching implications for the effectiveness of their leadership decisions. EI enables transformational leaders to develop and articulate enthusiasm for the vision and mission (Mandell & Pherwani 2003). Emotions contribute to the development of charisma in leaders (Mandell & Pherwani 2003). Emotional leaders have better opportunities to develop trust and commitment among their followers. It is no wonder that EI is mainly associated with transformations and transformational leadership styles. Leaders who score high on emotional intelligence scale usually display better emotional recognition and expression that non-emotional leaders (Gardner & Stough 2002). They can eas ily identify their feelings and express these feelings to others. EI leaders have a capacity to incorporate their emotions in decision making and use these emotions for the benefit of their organization. In other words, emotionally intelligent leaders can use their emotions to direct and guide their cognition (Gardner & Stough 2002). Emotional intelligence greatly influences leadership style, because emotionally intelligent leaders can read other people’s emotions, identify and interpret them; more often than not, it is transformational leaders that accomplish this emotional job (Gardner & Stough 2002). Emotionally intelligent leaders also possess good emotional control and can manage their own and others’ positive and negative emotions (Gardner & Stough 2002). The main question is in whether the EI-leadership relationship is strong and what theoretical models (if any) can

Televisions Grip on the Mind of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Televisions Grip on the Mind of America - Essay Example Neil Postman rightly identifies the iron grip that the television has on minds throughout American society. Perhaps the fundamental reason for television's power is the way in which it has given "an exquisite and dangerous perfection" to the "epistemological biases of the telegraph and instancy." The telegraph brought bits of information directly to the consumer, without giving that information any sort of context, any sort of reason why that information was significant. The significance was in the novelty, or in the entertainment value. The instancy of the photograph relieves the mind of having to imagine, or even having to pay a lot of attention. An idea can be summarized, remembered, ingrained in the form of a picture. Combining the two, making a slogan with a picture, simultaneously places an idea an image in the mind. This increases the power of the idea, and gives a visual source of memory associated with that idea for the mind to clutch tightly. Another characteristic of television concomitant to this simultaneity of thought and vision is the power of speed. The telegraph took the "line-by-line, sequential, continuous form of the printed page" and reduced it to a "world of fragments and discontinuities." The photograph takes a reality that can present ideas to the mind and reduces them down to particular examples.

Charismatic behavior leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Charismatic behavior leadership - Essay Example In regard to communication, charismatic leaders need more than just the distribution of information in order to communicate effectively. Therefore, to be effective, emotional appeals in their rhetoric are often incorporated, this includes use of symbols, metaphoric and dramatic language hence lending credibility to communication. Moreover, when charismatics communicate with inspiration, passion, motivation and emotion, followers are expected to attribute charisma. Additionally, charismatic leaders are renowned for passionate exciting public oratory thus, making the audience full of excitement. Therefore, the charismatic behaviours in this context lead to a self-serving style, since this leaders seek to appeal themselves to the people (Levay, 2010). Moreover, founding a trust connection with followers is so vital for charismatic leaders. Further integrity is created by signifying consistency and honesty among said personal actions and actions. In order to constantly adhere to a morals base, values and needs of followers must be understood by charismatic leaders. Therefore, by trying to gain trust, the charismatic leaders are trying to lead a self-serving style where their main aim is to create a positive impression of themselves, among those that they lead. However, followers do not regard charisma to be founded on visions, but they regard visionary attributes of charisma to be existing in a leader who customizes the vision with persistent resolve. Thus, it is the follower’s internalization on visions that direct them to regard charisma to a leader (Conger, Kanungo, & Menon, 2000). There are two types of charismatic leaders, the positive charismatic leaders and the negative charismatic leaders. The personality and values of a charismatic leader will provide evidence on whether a leader is viewed negatively or

Relief o choking in victims one year of age and older Essay

Relief o choking in victims one year of age and older - Essay Example When there is plenty of nasal secretion in the airways of a child, breathing difficulties may arise during feeding and in the periods between meals, because some children are unable to open their mouths wide enough once their noses are bunged up. As a child in new born, inhalation difficulties are likely to arise, if there is a mechanical obstruction in the airways. Problems with both inhalation and exhalation can indicate cardiac dyspnea in children. Yet, the most common reasons for choking in children aged one year or older include breathing in a small object, a part of a toy, food or some other object that might block airways, i.e. throat and windpipe. It is also possible that children breathe in vomited material, while being asleep/unconscious. Generally, choking in children aged one year and older is caused by the obstruction of a child’s airways, which can be divided into two main kinds – mild and severe airway obstruction (Blair-Harmon). Naturally, handling different kinds of choking depends greatly on recognition of them and knowledge of symptoms. The signs indicating mild airway obstruction are the following: there is a good air exchange in a child’s airways; the child is responsive and coughs forcefully; the child might wheeze between coughs (Blair-Harmon). This type of obstruction is easy to get rid of as there is a good air exchange and apnea is virtually impossible. Thus, it is important to encourage breathing efforts and coughing in children until the foreign object is removed. Moreover, one mustn’t interfere with the attempts to remove the foreign object or perform first aid, yet it is necessary to stay with the child and monitor the situation – the need to call 911 may arise, if mild airway obstruction still persists. Another – and more serious type of mechanical obstruction is severe airway obstruction that is crucial to be recognized promptly. In this case, there is no

Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jazz - Essay Example Wild is a unique woman who exhibits several literary features of a character known as Beloved in a previous novel. The similarity in the features of the two character is a strategy that the author uses to provide solutions to the problems he leaves unresolved in the previous novel as discussed in the essay below. Suspense is an artistic style employed by authors to sustain readership. It refers to a manner of developing a conflict and leaving it unresolved with a promise to resolve it in the next episode. Most authors address numerous conflicts in their storyline. They introduce multiple conflicts in a single chapter and leave them unresolved. The desire to determine the solution to the conflicts motivates the audience to continue reading to the next chapters. Morrison employs the strategy on a different scale as he uses the technique to join two separate novels. He uses hypothetical features of the character in the first novel, Beloved is an equally unique woman with most of her features such as the weird color of her skin resembling the color of Wild in the Jazz. Morrison refers to Wild’s skin color as coal black’ (Morrison 171]), this provides an outright connection with the first novel in which a female character entitled Beloved exists and performs mystical roles. The mystic nature of Beloved is similar to the nature of Wild in Jazz. The name Wild is appropriate since the woman disappears to the wild soon after giving birth to her son. She is therefore a wild woman whom the rest of the characters in the novel do not understand. Beloved was a spirit in the previous novel, she was equally unknown to the rest of the characters in the novel with most of the characters interacting with her only in their dreams. The similarity in their roles and features is a means the author uses to provide some of the soliloquies that audience may hold while reading the first novel. By portraying Wild as an actual character in Jazz, the author provides the audience

Relief o choking in victims one year of age and older Essay

Relief o choking in victims one year of age and older - Essay Example When there is plenty of nasal secretion in the airways of a child, breathing difficulties may arise during feeding and in the periods between meals, because some children are unable to open their mouths wide enough once their noses are bunged up. As a child in new born, inhalation difficulties are likely to arise, if there is a mechanical obstruction in the airways. Problems with both inhalation and exhalation can indicate cardiac dyspnea in children. Yet, the most common reasons for choking in children aged one year or older include breathing in a small object, a part of a toy, food or some other object that might block airways, i.e. throat and windpipe. It is also possible that children breathe in vomited material, while being asleep/unconscious. Generally, choking in children aged one year and older is caused by the obstruction of a child’s airways, which can be divided into two main kinds – mild and severe airway obstruction (Blair-Harmon). Naturally, handling different kinds of choking depends greatly on recognition of them and knowledge of symptoms. The signs indicating mild airway obstruction are the following: there is a good air exchange in a child’s airways; the child is responsive and coughs forcefully; the child might wheeze between coughs (Blair-Harmon). This type of obstruction is easy to get rid of as there is a good air exchange and apnea is virtually impossible. Thus, it is important to encourage breathing efforts and coughing in children until the foreign object is removed. Moreover, one mustn’t interfere with the attempts to remove the foreign object or perform first aid, yet it is necessary to stay with the child and monitor the situation – the need to call 911 may arise, if mild airway obstruction still persists. Another – and more serious type of mechanical obstruction is severe airway obstruction that is crucial to be recognized promptly. In this case, there is no

Technological advancements for identification Essay Example for Free

Technological advancements for identification Essay The Platypus was first described in 1799 in Shaws naturalists Miscellany along with the koala, Kangaroo, wombat and emu. The most curious was the platypus. Since its first discovery there has been much debate as to whether it is a mammal and how it should be classified. The platypus is a primitive mammal that has many features that separate it from other mammals-it lays eggs, there is an absence of true teeth and an absence of mammary glands, although it has special glands that secrete milk. It has fur like other animals, but it has a beak like the bill of a duck, webbed feet and a tail like a beaver. A dried platypus skin has been sent to England in 1798 and was considered to be fake. Up until 1884 there was uncertainty about how the platypus reproduced. In 1884 Caldwell solved the problem by capturing a female with eggs. About 1904 the scientific American reported that there are many mammals that do not possess teeth when adults. Up until 1973 there was uncertainty about the platypus being able to regulate its body temperature like other mammals. Recent research shows that it can regulate body temperature but the mechanism is underdeveloped. There are two living groups: The platypuses and the echidnas. The only Cretaceous mammal known for Australia is also a monotreme, Steropodon galmani, a platypus-like animal that might be more appropriately placed in a family of its own. Until 1971, an understanding of the history of Australias platypus was non-existent. Apart from the fact that it was a monotreme and only known from Australia, all else was mystery. Then three major discoveries were made: two molar teeth of Obdurodon insignis, a 25 million-year-old platypus from the Tirari desert; a jaw fragment with three teeth of sterepodan galmani a 110 million year old monotreme from opal deposits at Lightning  Ridge, New South Wales; and, from 15-20-million-year-old Riversleigh deposits, a complete skull as well as a nearly complete dentition of a second species of Obdurdon. In 1971, while one puzzled group of Palaeontologists stared in confusion at a strange tooth found in the late Oligocene deposits of Lake Frome Embayment. These were the first teeth of a fossil platypus to be found and were named Obdurodon insights. Naturally, these central Australian discoveries caused a great deal of delight as well as anticipation but despite many tonnes of processed matrix later, central Australia has failed to produce more than a few isolated teeth, a fragment of a lower jaw and a portion of a pelvis. Discovery of the opalised jaw of Steropodon galmani in the dinosaur rich early Cretaceous deposits of Lightning ridge was one of the most exciting moments in the history of Australian palaeontology. It was the first and so far only known Mesozoic mammal from Australia. It may also have been the largest Cretaceous mammal anywhere in the world, overlapping in size some of the smallest dinosaurs, although less than twice the size of the living platypus. It had well developed teeth whose shape indicates that even by this early date monotremes has achieved many of the distinctive dental features that distinguish them from other groups of mammals. When we first discovered Ringtail Site at Riversleigh ,one of the system C localities in Rays Amphitheatre, apart from the ringtail possum jaw and some bats, we saw little in the way of mammals. But in the lab we were delighted to find isolated molars of the first fossil platypus from riversleigh. In the 1985 expedition a whole, perfect skull, the first and only ornithorynchid skull known apart from that of the modern Platypus. It was spotted as a braincast, complete with fosslilsed blood vessels when pieces of the skull were broken away in the course of fracturing blocks of limestone. After recovery and restoration of the broken pieces and dissolution of the surrounding limestone in dilute acetic acid,  the skull that emerged took their breath away. The Riversleigh material has provided a great deal of new information about the structure, relationships and paleobiogeography of platypuses in general. At this point besides the complete skull there is a complete dentition and partial lower jaw. So far, specimens of the riversleigh Obdurodon have come from the so called aquatic sites. Discovery in 1991 and 1992 of Obdurodon like monotreme teeth in 61-63 million year old sediments in Patagonia, Southern Argentina, has shocked everyone who thought platypuses were uniquely Australian. Clearly they were once part of a Gondwanan fauna that must also have been present on Antarctica, but survives today only in Australia. Because the living platypus, the only surviving descendant of Obdurodon, has become highly specialised with loss of its functional teeth, overall reduction in body size simplification of most of its cranial anatomy, we are concerned that all the lineage is in decline. When a group looses its generalised body form and edges to far out on its evolutionary limb in terms of specialisation, that limb is in increasing danger of falling off. The fossil record of rapid decline over just the last 15% of its known history suggests a less optimistic view. This is an animal just surviving in the twilight of a long and remarkable history. To add to these concerns, todays platypuses persist only in the permanent river systems of eastern Australia, sometimes in remnant rainforests but more often in the rivers that drain the open forests of the great divide. With humans abusing their the chemistry of the waterways with fertilisers and other noxious substances and deforestation and pollution of the rivers watersheds its candle may be in imminent danger of going out.

Micro And Macro Environmental Factors Marketing Essay

Micro And Macro Environmental Factors Marketing Essay Marketing has often been defined in terms of satisfying customers needs and wants. Critics however maintain that marketing goes beyond that and creates needs and wants that did not exist before, According to these critics, marketers encourage consumers to spend more money than they should on goods and services they really do not need. Aim To prepare a report for the Management of Aldi supermarket on its marketing policy and to propose a new position for its fresh fruits and vegetables. In relation to the above scenario. Terms of reference. To prepare this report the author r has considered the various marketing process, evaluated the benefits and cost of marketing orientation, evaluated the macro and micro factors that influence marketing decision masking he author has also considered different market segmentation for different products of .Aldi. The author considered market targeting strategy for the organisation fresh fruits and vegetables . and evaluated buying behaviour of people for the range these products. The author has and recommended a new market position for this product. Introduction The first foundation stone was laid in 1913 with the opening of a small food store in the German town of Essen. During the 40s, an expansion program was created and more ALDI stores were opened. In 1954, a celebration was held for the opening of the 50th store in Germany. By 1960 ALDI had grown to a network of over 300 stores between the Ruhr Valley and Aachen. The prosperous family business was then divided into two independent companies: ALDI SÃ ¼d to service the South, and ALDI Nord for the North. Self-service was still a relatively new retail structure in the 60s and ALDI became the first company in Germany to adopt this new retail concept. While customers were still able to take advantage of the same high quality products as before, they could now purchase them at much more competitive prices. In 1983, ALDI SÃ ¼d started chilled distribution depots and sold fresh products such as cheese, yoghurt and sausages. Frozen products came in 1998 and were closely followed by fresh meat. ALDI, to this day, continues to keep up with the ever-evolving taste of the modern consumer. Today, Aldi 7,000 stores and serves millions of people across three continents. (Aldi.com.au) 4. Marketing process MARKETING PROCESS The marketing process is the process of analyzing market opportunities, selecting target markets, developing the marketing mix, and managing the marketing effort. Target customers stand at the center of the marketing process. There are following steps in Marketing Process: A. Analyzing marketing opportunities B. Selecting target markets C. Developing the marketing Mix D. Managing the marketing effort A . Analysing marketing opportunities This involves carrying out market research to find out the opportunities, the threat and the organisation strength and weakness. Hence the need for a reliable market research approach. With market research the organisation will find out about market constrains, it will find out it competitors about demand for the product it will also be able to profile the age group, of likely consumers of the firms product.the company finds about legislation and other environmental factors that re likely to affect the profitability of the company. With useful information rom the market research the organisation will know customers requirement and able to plan for it. B. Selecting the target Market Todays market is very competitive and to be a viable organisation the organisation as to be customer focused. It is import to analyse and profile consumer. Each company has to segment the market and concentrate on the market where it believe it has the edge over others (Target Market). C. Market segmentation This is dividing the market into separate groups by consumers and their needs traits, behaviour. Target marketing is the evaluation of each market segment and selecting one or more segment where the company can generate more customer value and sustain it over a period of time. D. Market positioning The company need to identify how its products be placed in a distinctive and desirable position to other competing products in the. To define a market position the organisation has to identify possible competitive advantage. The company will need to develop a marketing strategy that will support the market positioning of the product. This will provide consumer with more than those offered by competitors. c. Developing the Marketing Mix Having develop its market positioning and competitive strategy the it will have to decide what its marketing mix will consist of The marketing mix is the set of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. The marketing mix consists of everything that the firm can do to influence the demand for its product. These variables are often referred to as the four Ps. . Product, Place, Promotion and price. d. Managing the Marketing Effort To manage the marketing the firm will need to carry out four marketing functions of analysing, planning, implementation, and control Marketing orientation Marketing Orientation is defined as as a corporate state of mind that insists on the integration and coordination of all the marketing functions which, in turn, are melded with all other corporate functions, for the basic purpose of producing maximum long-range corporate profits. (business.highbeam.com) The characteristics of market orientation are inter-functional coordination,customer orientation, understanding customers and organisational culture. . . The benefits and cost of marketing orientation Benefits of marketing orientation Growth in profitability Improved corporate image High customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention Increase sales and market share Enhanced competitive advantage Cost of marketing orientation Technology requirement for customer contact and improved ways of doing business Complex customer growing needs and power Increasing customer expectations Staff training and development needs Increase resource demand to providing customer specific marketing ukessays.co/essays/marketing/marketing-report-of-tesco.phpg 6 . Micro and Macro environmental factors that affect marketing 6.1 Micro Environmental factors These are factors within the control of the organisation and their implied actions can affect the organisation. There are six main factors that can be classified as micro environmental factors Marketing channel: This includes the distribution channel, the outlets, sales representatives and market research companies. The consumer, producer,reseller, government, and international markets. Organisations internal environment these includes management, Employees and Directors and franchisee. The competitors Publics: These are group of people or body that have interest in the organisation that have an actual or potential interest in or impact on the organizations ability to achieve its objectives:financial, media, government, citizen action, and local, general, Financial intermediaries: This includes the external auditors, the banks and credit rating agencies. Whatever actions taking by the people will be as a result of the organisation activities and practice. Hence the conclusion that the organisation invariably has control over them.. Macro Environmental Factors This are external factors outside the control of the organisation and ability to envisage them allows the company to be prepared and adopt strategies to overcome them. Demographic Environment This is to do with the population of a particular location and the following understated factors are are likely to affect its outcome which invariably will affect the planing of of the organisation Population Growth Where there is a population explosion or high population the organisation is likely to do well and increase profitability through increased sales. Also migration will have an equal effect Population Mix The population mix will have effect on the types of goods that will be demanded for example in China there will be more pensioners and old age in the next few years and the working population may not be able to sustain the pensioners. Furthermore the demand for adult drapers in such market will increase whilst that of children will greatly reduce. Household pattern The household consumption pattern will also change where there are no babies in the house the parents will not buy baby food or medication. Geographical Shift The emigration or immigration will affect the population of a location and management needs to take this into account when deciding and planing the marketing strategy for example there is migration to the UK and emigration fn Republic of Ireland and this will affect consumption pattern . Economic Environment The economy of a country or the economic prospect will affect the consumption pattern in that country for example the Euro zone are going through and economic depression. Each family are concerned about how they spend their dis[posable income. The same applies in UK and it reflects on peoples shopping habit less people go to shop in Waitrose and more people are turning to Aldi. Social cultural Environment This will equally affect the decision of management for example it will impossible to sell non halal food in a predominantly Islamic country and also with we not make economic decision not to sell alcohol in the Republic of Ireland. Natural Environment Where there resources like raw materials and reduced labour cost it will make economic sense to locate there also where is natural disaster the firm can plan suitable good s for that region. Technology Environment The advent of I pads, smart phones. online shopping has changed shopping habits and also advertising patterns significantly the next generation of technology is on its way. Corporations to be conversant with changing technology so as plan ahead. Political and Legal Environment Governments continue to change all over the world, different governments come up with different policies and laws. Some may be to the advantage of the company some may be threat and some may be opportunities. In conclusion The micro and macro factors are used for SWOT analysis in analysis in an organisation. Buying Behaviour Stages of the Consumer Buying Process Problem or need recognition Information search Evaluation options Purchase Decision Post Purchase Positioning of fresh Fruits and Vegetables at Aldi .Product positioning is the ability of a firm to come with unique product and customer perception of brilliance and likable product. Product s positioning are based class attitudes, benefits,quality and are target at a particular people known as the market segment..( Berry T.and Wilson D , 2000) The target market for fresh fruits and vegetables in Aldi should be children to reduce obesity in the country, to increase healthy awareness and promote healthy eating. Conclusion Marketers go out of their way to find and develop a Niche market and product and tto look for ways on enticing consumers and be a profitable organisation to this end they carry out market research. analyse the market and come up a with valuable product that will be demanded. The also create awareness through different campaign strategy, they spend considerable amount of money to ensure the product is attractive,the packing is attractive and they promote the usefulness of the product Recommendation .Product positioning involves creating a unique, consistent, and recognized customer perception about a firms offering and image. A product or service may be positioned on the basis of an attitude or benefit, use or application, user, class, price, or level of quality. It targets a product for specific market segments and product needs at specific prices. Referencing http://www.aldi.com.au/au/html/company/3777.htm http://www.zainbooks.com/books/marketing/principles-of-marketing_10_marketing-process.html http://business.highbeam.com/138375/article-1G1-8366780/market-orientation-construct-research-propositions http://www.ukessays.co/essays/marketing/marketing-report-of-tesco.php#ixzz2NAfKDrTg ON TARGET: THE BOOK ONMARKETING PLANS How to develop and implement a successful marketing plan. By:Tim Berry and Doug Wilson Palo Alto Software, Inc., First Edition, October, 2000